The Law Of Desire Temporary Marriage - 1584 Words

The Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Shi’i Iran The Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Shi’i Iran is an anthropological study of temporary marriage (mut a) in the Shi i Muslim religion. According to Shahla Haeri s original first-hand study, mut a is an institution in which marriage, sexuality, morality, religious laws, cultural practices, and the relationships between the sexes converge. Haeri takes it upon herself to explain how permanent marriage and modern forms of adultery differ from this system of temporary marriage, or mut’a. Before the author examines the life stories of some women and men involved in mut’a, Haeri explains the legal interpretation of this functional tradition. The Law of Desire is arranged in three major parts that all relate to the institutional practice of mut’a. Part One, â€Å"Law as Imposed,† is split into three chapters. The first chapter, Marriage As Contract, makes the readers understand the importance o f the marriage contract between sexes in Iranian society. The second chapter in â€Å"Law as Imposed† is titled Permanent Marriage: Nikah. In this chapter Haeri emphasizes that to equate temporary marriage with permanent marriage, as the Shi i Muslim religion does, is to misrepresent temporary marriage, causing countless women who practice this action into false hope of marital relationships and responsibilities. The third chapter in â€Å"Law as Imposed† is titled Temporary Marriage: Mut’a. Haeri explains that the differences between permanentShow MoreRelated Islamic Versus Christian Marriage Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagesthe topic of religion in marriage. Specifically it will discuss whether Islamic marriage is better or worse for women than Christian marriage. After study of these two religions, it becomes quite clear Islamic marriage is much worse for women than Christian marriage. This essay will show that Islamic women are subjugated by their religio n and do not enjoy the freedoms or the equality that Christian women enjoy, and perhaps even take for granted. Why is Christian marriage so much better for womenRead MoreDefinition Essay Marriage838 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the Definition of Marriage? What is the definition of marriage? Over the years, the word marriage has been challenged from its current definition as listed in Merriam-Webster s Dictionary as an act of marrying or being married between a man and a woman. Marriage can also be defined in the Oxford Dictionary as the formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife. The word marriage becomes a special type of bond between two people thatRead MoreThe Rights Of Same Sex Couples1514 Words   |  7 Pagestake a religious standpoint, but they also claim is have a negative effect on â€Å"real marriage† and that same-sex households cannot provide the necessary parenting needed to properly raise a child. Not only do most advocates feel that some of the opposing arguments make no sense, but also that others are based off of sole assumption rooted in personal agenda. Also, the most important aspect of and reasoning for marriage is love, and it is unfair to deny sa me-sex couples the right to prove and commit toRead MorePolygamy Is Wrong1055 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Iris Lancaster English 1302 21 June 2013 Polygamy is Wrong Some of the most influential and respected individuals in history had open marriages. Although research shows that open marriages create significant complications, couples who are non-monogamous believe it is essential for a successful marriage. But whatever the situation, an open marriage is not acceptable in society. There are explanations to why it is imperative that couples remain monogamous in their relationship. Polygamy isRead MoreHillary : A Great Amount Of Courage869 Words   |  4 PagesAll it takes is strength, courage, confidence and determination to become anything you desire to be. Being able to stand up for what is right, no matter what the consequences could be takes a great amount of courage. Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton was born in Chicago, Illinois on October 26, 1947. Daughter of Hugh Rodham and Dorothy Rodham, with two younger siblings Hugh Rodham and Anthony Rodham (â€Å"First Lady Biography†). Hillary grew up in a middle class home. Her father was a W orld War II Navy VeteranRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream And Measure For Measure1341 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of marriage in society, even if they do so in different ways. Written sometime in the late 1500s, A Midsummer Night’s Dream follows the story of a complex love triangle in which a forbidden relationship exists. The play reveals the importance of familial relationships in creating marriage, and shows that marriage serves a specific social function. In some ways, Shakespeare highlights that marriage is seen as more of an arrangement. This is illustrated with the political marriage between theRead MoreHappiness and Sin: A Two-Sided Coin The American dream is based on one thing, happiness, but what1100 Words   |  5 PagesChristian sense is often seen as just breaking a rule, God or the law says not to do something, and you end up doing it anyway. There’s more to it though, Sin in a twisted way is about finding happiness. When we are trying to find happiness, we may look in the wrong place. Much like I did, when I slipped into depression, I started looking for happiness in alcohol and drugs, because it brought me temporary happiness, but this temporary form of happiness was not fulfilling and thus was sin. In this wayRead MoreThe Immigration Problem Of The United States1429 Words   |  6 Pagesplate and get our immigration problem fixed. To make the process of becoming a naturalized citizen easier and seamless. We need to lower the cost of applications, expedite the time it takes for a spouse to be naturalized, and lower the amount of temporary visas given out. If these steps are taken our immigration s ystem will be vastly upgraded. Did you know one of the big reasons as to why most illegal immigrants are not becoming citizens is the cost. Right now the â€Å"Form N-400, The Applications forRead MoreWhy I Chose The Case That I Am Active Duty Military1745 Words   |  7 Pagesdealing with the State of Michigan courts as recently as today concerning family law since my divorce in 2002. Michigan is a state that gives very little deference to a child’s wish of who they want to live with (regardless of age or maturity) regardless of how equal the living arrangements are (e.g. healthy environment, good schools etc.). In fact it was only relatively recently that Michigan finally changed its laws and assumed a 50/50 split in custody so long as it is in the best interest of theRead MoreEssay on Incest Taboo1719 Words   |  7 PagesIncest is a word that is often misunderstood but universally considered taboo. While incest is listed as a criminal offense, many health care professionals have no clear idea of wha t constitutes incest or some incestuous acts are reportable by law. There are endless academic writings on the subject, yet may confuse rather than clarify because of lack of adequate definitions. Incest may be considered one of the only universal taboos, however, there is no uniformity as to which degrees are involved

School Letter Free Essays

Dear Parents: The Elementary Science Club will be having its annual Investigatory Projects Exhibition on Saturday, May 29, 2009, at the school auditorium. In this regard, I would like to seek for you permission to allow your son/daughter to be present on May 22 and 29, both Saturdays, for the activity. As part of the Science Club, he/she will be working with co-members in preparing an Investigatory Project for the exhibit. We will write a custom essay sample on School Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now The theme for this year’s exhibit is â€Å"Science in the Face of the Global Financial Crisis. The project will be started on May 22. Then, the works of the students will be showcased on the event come May 29. Through the years, breakthrough projects have been discovered in this annual activity. Similarly this year, three winners will be selected. The grand prize-winning entry will be brought to the state competitions. Last year, the school is proud to take home the third prize for the state championship. It is the school’s thrust to create holistic development for your children. I personally understand that after school, you would like your children to perform other activities, perhaps activities at home or in some other endeavor where you would like your children to excel. The Science Club has the same objectives. Activities such as this helps your children apply their classroom learning into action. I believe that you want this exposure for your children. We have attached a permission slip for you to sign. Should you have any questions or clarifications, please feel free to call our office. How to cite School Letter, Papers

Developing an Urban Design Plan

Question: Describe about the Developing an Urban Design Plan. Answer: Introduction This paper undertakes the scope, utilisation and impact which Urban Designing can make to an urban development project. The Lama Yeshe Village being planned in Bendigo VICis one such project and the discussion in this paper takes a look on this projects use of Urban Designing concepts through a five step process. Urban Design A Brief Since cities and towns in Australia are based on the countrys culture patterns, it becomes essential that they keep evolving and ensuring the sustainability of their economic and social future[1]. In this context, Urban Designing can guide the evolution of Australian cities, while keeping in view the changing cultural values. A sustainable Urban Design can be used for maximising public benefit by ensuring that development is assessed in context of its long term outcome. Thus a viable Urban Design shall ensure that improved sustainability is associated with every initiative which effects the physical changes to a city[2]. As Urban Design is research based, subsequent design processes and its analysis shall support the everyday interaction of society with the urban environment. Moreover, Urban Design also takes into consideration the inter-relationship between the prevailing domains in private and public sectors. The private sector remains diverse, changing and individual in character, whereas the public sector remains interconnected[3], is continuous and permanent in character. Although the private sector remains dependent on public sector, any development of the private land can be best derived when it has inter-relationship with the public sector[4]. Legislative Framework Although urban design does not find much attention in legislation planning, three important legislations are worth mentioning. The Development Act, 1993 first made reference to urban design in context to experts whose knowledge could make them suitable for membership of the Development Assessment Commission. This was followed by The Housing and Urban Development (Administrative Arrangements) (Urban Renewal Authority) Regulations, 2012, which included the objective, and I quote to develop and implement policies and strategies that encourage excellence in the design, planning and delivery of housing and urban development unquote. In the recently promulgated Housing and Urban Development (Administrative Arrangements) (Urban Renewal) Amendment Act, 2013, it was implicitly referred that the principles and practice of urban design are helping build future cities[5]. Under this Act, it was recognised that establishing the Design Review Panels for projects which required masterplan details c ould include urban design features. Apart from this, legislations with limited jurisdiction on urban design have also been formulated, such as the Sustainable Planning Act, 2009 (Qld) which makes restrictive references to the benefits of urban design[6]. Policies This projects is as per the national level Urban Design policy and uses the practice programme for creating awareness about urban design as to how this can increase the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the future cities. Resources Provision of appropriate resources have been made for the implementation of Urban Design practice while promoting this new public-private sector project. Step One: Getting Started Lama Yeshe Village, Bendigo VIC The proposed village shall comprise of the main Stupa, two small stupas along with 62 residential 2 storey dwellings in the style of detached and attached dwellings. The design of the layout is in accordance with the LGAs recommendations based on the ecological assessment of the area[7]. The houses, being built using the urban design concept of terrace, are placed in blocks of six dwellings each. Such an urban design has proven quality of insulation for the interiors. Maintaining environmental sustainability, the key features of these houses will be solar panels and double glazed windows[8]. It is estimated that the exterior of the Great Stupa itself will be completed in about three years, although the interiors will take much longer. These new dwellings are attracting a lot many buyers, especially from retirees and their families, although the buyers will not own the land after they move into this Buddha City but will just own the house. Discovering the grand vision behind the Great Stupa Ian Green, a great devotee of Buddha, is the main driving force behind the project, although he does not think that the city will be finished in his lifetime. The project is being managed by a steering group of local stakeholders, which includes the residents, the local government authorities, business houses, financial institutions, the local community and certain special interest groups[9]. This group, which is overseeing the core construction team, has the executive authority of taking the project towards completion. At present Ian Green is acting as the project manager/team leader and is carrying the prime responsibility of co-ordinating and delivering the entire project[10]. Specific Planning Objectives The following are the planning objectives for this Community Residential-cum-Praying Complex. Facilitate a comprehensive range of houses which will meet the needs of a wide cross-section of the society. Promote a sense of community living through a definition of a neighbourhood area devoted to conservation and visual landscape. Promote a residential amenity having particular regard to environmental safety, convenience and visual attractiveness. Promote and create a structure with urban design which makes efficient use of land and provides open space, community facilities and recreational opportunities, along with fulfilling the spiritual needs of the community[11]. Step Two: Appreciating the Context The contextual appreciation begins with suggested developmental potentials and the working ways associated with urban designing. It is important to analyse the information regarding the needs of the project on the basis of a SWOT analysis (see below)[12]. One of the important component of such an analysis is identifying any contextual physical constraints attached with the future land use which may impact the development potential of the project. A model of the future site The two gold buildings near the Great Stupa are stupas of other Buddhist traditions. The small, white buildings are houses. Source: https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/2834848/the-great-stupa-revealed-video-photos/ Lama Yeshe Village Indicative Layout Source: https://planiturbandesign.com.au/projects/urban-design/ Actual Site Photographs of Lama Yeshe Village Source: https://planiturbandesign.com.au/projects/urban-design/ Community Open Space In the contextual sense with regard to the use by the community, an open space comprises of all the Open Space which will be commonly held under public ownership and will form part of the within the LGAs Designation of open Spaces. A hierarchy of the Open Space elements, each with different size and role is to be envisaged for the residents. These major Open Space elements should be linked, wherever found possible, with the linear open spaces, including the streets, walkways and road reserves in order to form an Open Space System which will provide to the users access to a wide range of open space experiences[13]. Objectives for the Open Space System The objectives to be fulfilled by the Open Space System are to: Ensure that the residents have enough public open space to meet their sporting, recreational and environmental needs. Provide enough land for open space in accordance with the urban design functional hierarchy which reflects the needs of the residents. Ensure that the open space system creates links through linear pathways and local street networks all key community and recreational facilities with the residential areas[14]. Ensure that all the vegetation areas are properly conserved by incorporating them into the Open Space Network. Provide a park system which is safe to use by the residents. Preserve all areas having significant visual and scenic attributes. Provide, wherever possible, multiple functional use of the open space system. Preserve all sites and areas which are of significant cultural heritage[15]. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths The project is: Close to both inner city and out-of-city travel. Close to other residential, institutional and commercial areas. Using the urban designing concepts to provide scope to future residents by allowing a street friendly elevation which also enhances street level interaction. Weaknesses The Project has: Little distinction between the public and private domains. Parking provisions which are restricted because of zoning laws. Opportunities The Project makes: Use of urban design techniques makes optimum use of the site. Use of services which complement those offered in the downtown areas. Use of Urban Design for future street enhancement and revitalization of the surroundings. Threats The Project has potential security concerns[16]. Step Three: Creating the Urban Structure For a project that aims at future evaluation, the best way forward is the necessity to agree on its assessment criteria. The project requires to combine the urban design principles with the needs of the community, its economic viability and engineering feasibility. It is important for the implementation of the urban design to adopt a strategy that follows the design intentions and not vice versa[17]. Whenever found necessary, a revisit to the design layout should be taken so as to achieve the highest quality and the most economical solution. The creative design process and constant design development are iterative processes and must involve constant and frequent reviews of the issues as more information is gathered[18]. A Development Framework, commonly known as the Masterplan, becomes the likely output of workings at this stage and this can be enriched by referring to more detailed urban design guidelines and future indicative ideas for the project[19]. Infrastructure and Community Facilities Water Supply Sewerage Electricity and Telephone Urban Storm-water Management Community Facilities These requirements are to be dealt as per the Infrastructure Agreement. Reference should be made to those provisions of the Infrastructure Agreement which are relevant for incorporation in the Structure Plan[20]. Step Four: Detailing the Place A detailed design largely depends on the delivery mechanism and the implementation programme adopted by the management, especially the Project Leader. Ian Green has closely considered them, right from the beginning and keeps reviewing them, with consultation of other stakeholders[21]. Those mechanisms which have been confirmed at this stage are: Management and supervision of all public areas, including community parks and childrens play areas, as these form a key component of ensuring that the projects physical and social quality of the environment is regularly maintained. The Project Leader is of the opinion that these will be constantly subjected to detailed discussions, from time to time, not only with the residents groups and associations but also with the local authorities[22]. Adoption and maintenance of common areas, streets and parks. Management of construction quality by adopting the relevant planning regulations, covenants and applicable legal and financial agreements. Performance Criteria and Compliance The Local Governing Council of the LGA shall take into account, before granting approval to the project or before the promoters carry out development on the prescribed land, the following factors connected with the Conservation Criteria of the area. The likely effects of all the developments, including clearing, on the flora and fauna which is found in the development area[23]. The likely effects of all the developments, including clearing, on erosion, slope stability and siltation of the watercourses in and around the development area. The likely effects of all the developments, including clearing, on the disposal of sewerage effluent / wastewater and storm-water drainage in and around the development area[24]. The Local Governing Council of the LGA shall take into account, before granting approval to the project or before the promoters carry out development on the prescribed land, whether it is required to impose any conditions which are related to: The height and location of the buildings. The materials and colours used for the project, so as to ensure that all the buildings blend with the projects surrounding landscape and are helpful in preserving and enhancing the scenic beauty of the area[25]. Step Five: Conservation Follow Up Objectives for the Conservation Areas The objectives to be adhered to by the Project Leader for the conservation programme are concerned with the protection of: features which have already been identified as being of significance for a particular habitat; the diversity of all habitats for their flora and fauna; the land of the area, particularly that which acts as the habitat connection area; and preserving of sites and areas which have a significant cultural heritage; and conserving all major water catchment areas; those areas which are of scenic value to the area; and visual amenity of all the prominent ridgelines of the area[26]. This project has devoted nearly 50% of the area to the Community Residential Development under the Structure Plan and the intention is to have predominantly residential development combined with most essential areas for retail, educational, community recreation and open space systems[27]. The anticipated number of residential dwellings as per the planning goal of this project is to ensure that the residential development is executed in a way so as to provide a safe and desirable environment to the residents, keeping in view their needs and optimise use of urban land resources[28]. Once the detailed designs are agreed upon, the stakeholders must start the process of implementation and management arrangements, such as: The delivery schedule so as to ensure a range of development opportunities and accommodation benefits are available to the prospective residents. The setting of a management and maintenance structure, especially in the areas of public utility, after the project is completed[29]. Miscellaneous Provisions Earthworks Earthworks and these include removal of vegetation, should only be carried out in those areas which are covered by the approved Area Development Plan or as authorised by the Infrastructure Agreement and only in compliance with the conditions imposed under the approved Area Development Plan or the approved Engineering Drawings. It is for the LGA and the Local Governing Council to impose such conditions as are necessary for implementation once approval for the Area Development Plan or the Engineering Drawings is given[30]. Removal of Vegetation It would be imperative to remove certain portions of the vegetation for the proposed development as it will be necessary for reshaping of the projects land surface. Prior to starting any such activity, the management will submit to the Local Governing Council a report which has been prepared by a professional engineer, providing details of the clearing. This report will also contain a proposed plan for the regeneration / restoration of vegetation for the approval of the Responsible Officer. The managing committee of the project will abide by the conditions, if any, imposed by the Responsible Officer in granting approval to the report such as the requirement concerned with pit burning or chipping of timber[31]. Cultural Heritage The management cannot remove or destroy or interfere in any manner with any of the identified cultural heritage resources, which may either be of Aboriginal or European origin or of the Victoria Estate. It is essential for the Project Leader to satisfy the Local Governing Council that it will not indulge in the avoidance of any law or regulation as designated in Appendix-1 of the Open Space Master Plan and the Cultural Heritage Conservation Plan prior to the Council approving its Local Area Plans[32]. Such an undertaking will include all such lands which are identified as being of cultural heritage significance and are protected by the Environmental Protection Agency of the state. Flooding The Local Governing Council will not allow any urban development, excluding parkland areas, below the notified flood level areas[33]. Noise Exposure The proposed new urban development will comply with the Councils directives with regard to the maximum noise exposure levels. It is for the Project Leader to maintain, where necessary, an appropriate buffer distance and other noise attenuation measures in the construction zone[34]. Conclusion Planning and Urban Design Controls It should be the prime responsibility of all development agencies to adhere to the regulations of the Reform Planning Legislation so as to ensure appropriate development outcomes which are in support of the continuity of the nations urban culture and the projects are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. Hence, the planners must follow the planning and urban design definitions provided in the legislations proposed by the Local Government Policy documents. It must also ensure that the urban design plans will provide a consistent, comprehensive policy to assist the communitys engagement with the development review process. Urban Design controls should be uniform throughout the nation and should provide appropriate controls which encourage architecture of high quality and also ensure that participation of the stakeholders in the approval process is focused on those issues which affect the public domain. Continued Expansion of Cities into Hinterland It is essential to keep a check on the continued expansion of cities into their hinterland if this is not sustainable by the environment. This becomes more important in those areas where density and amenity will be increased and will minimise the efficiency and sustainability of infrastructure[35]. Information on the Physical Characteristics It is for the experts, knowledgeable business heads and developers in particular to ensure that an adequate co-ordination and access to such information about the physical characteristics of major cities is made available to all concerned. In view of this author such an access to the comprehensive information on the physical characteristics of the major cities must be made a fundamental requirement for promoting Urban Design practice. All data provided by the research connected with Urban Design, including data on the current and past composition of the cities and the evaluated processes of changes in relation to an increased sustainability factor over the years should be compiled for easy sharing among the concerned experts. All Local Government Councils are in the best position of securing such comprehensive research data so as to assist and promote Urban Design practice among those involved in the development of more cities. Minimise further Expansion of Cities Supporting the containment of major Australian cities is necessary but not at the cost of housing affordability, although such initiatives should be curtailed which increase the size of the cities disproportionately and compromise their sustainability. Responsibilities of the Communities Support of the communities is required to actively pursue the social, environmental and economic policies of their Councils, especially those policies which directly target the sustainable development of the area and by improvement in the public infrastructure. Advocacy for development which provides high levels of public and private amenity is the need of the times to make cities more sustainable. Hence, communities should support those development applications which although encourage diversity, are environmentally sustainable and have clear community benefits[36]. List of References: Ashworth, Anthony. Contractual Procedures in the Construction Industry. Oxon: Routledge, 2013. Bevans, Neal R. Real Estate and Property Law for Paralegals. London: Aspen Publishers Online, 2008. Burn, Edward Hector, Cartwright, John and Maudsley, Ronald Harling. Maudsley and Burn's Land Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Cartlidge, David. Quantity Surveyor's Pocket Book, 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge, 2012. Erp, Sjef van and Akkermans, Bram (ed). Cases, Materials and Text on Property Law. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012. Goodhart, Charles and Hofmann, Bob. House Prices and the Macroeconomy: Implications for Banking and Price Stability. Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2007. Hinkel, Daniel. Practical Real Estate Law, 6th ed. Boca Raton, FL: Cengage Learning, 2010. King, Sarah. Beginning Land Law. Oxon: Routledge, 2015. Lavender, Sam. Management for the Construction Industry. Oxon: Routledge, 2014. Lester, Arthur. Project Management, Planning and Control, 6th ed. Oxon: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013. McFarlane, Ben, Hopkins, Nicholas and Nield, Sarah. Land Law: Text, Cases, and Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Megarry, Robert, Wade, William, Harpum, Charles, Bridge, Stuart and Dixon, Martin J. The Law of Real Property, 8th ed. New York: Sweet Maxwell, 2012. Myers, David. Construction Economics: A New Approach. New York: Taylor Francis, 2004. Pratt, Davy. Fundamentals of Construction Estimating, 3rd ed. New York: Cengage Learning, 2010. Sexton, Roger and Bogusz, Barbara. Complete Land Law: Text, Cases, and Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Sherratt, Fred. Introduction to Construction Management. Oxon: Routledge, 2015. Taylor, James. Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline. Florida: J. Ross Publishing, 2008. Towey, Davis. Cost Management of Construction Projects. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons, 2013.

Bora Bora Outline Essay Example

Bora Bora Outline Paper Melissa Martinez Topic: Bora Bora General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the class about fun things to do in Bora Bora. Thesis Statement: Fun things to do and attractions to visit in Bora Bora. Organizational Patterns: Spatial Pattern Introduction I. Attention Getter A. Im pretty sure everyone wants to visit somewhwere they can call paradise, I know I do and the place I would love to visit one day is Bora Bora. II. Central Idea: Im going to share with you fun things you can do while on your trip at Bora Bora. III. Credibility Statement: I never heard of Bora Bora untill I watched Keeping up with the Kardashians as they took a family trip there and they did many fun things I would like to try. IV. Preveiw: Bora Bora Island which is part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia is located in the Southern Pacific Ocean. It is approximately 160 miles northwest of Tahiti and about 2,600 miles south of Hawaii. Something intresting to know about Bora Bora is that after the bombing of Pearl Harbor the United States entered World War II and the U. S. hose Bora Bora as a South Pacific military supply base, and an oil depot, airstrip, seaplane base, and defensive fortifications were constructed. Known as Operation Bobcat, it maintained a supply force of nine ships, 20,000 tons of equipment and nearly 7,000 men. Seven massive naval cannons were set up at strategic points around the island to protect it against potential military attack. Transition: Now I will share with you the fun things you can do in Bora Bora. Body I. Reef Discovery Bora Bora A. What is Reef Discovery? Its another way to discover the nature of Bora Bora! We will write a custom essay sample on Bora Bora Outline specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bora Bora Outline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bora Bora Outline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You follow your professional guide through unforgettable snorkelling at the best coral gardens, a little walk on a beach of an unspoiled islet and the amazing barrier reef. They also offer whale watching during the summer season from July to September. The tour is usually three to four hours long and you can have up to 6 people on the tour with you. 1. Bora Bora You get to discover the beauty of Bora Bora with a complete lagoon tour by boat, providing different stops for pictures and explanations about the island formation, the lagoon, the reef and its evolution. . Coral Garden After your tour of Bora Bora you go to the Coral Garden for snorkleing. You get to interact with many tropical fish. And whats nice about it is that your tour guide takes amzing photos of you and who ever you go with and give you a copy of your pictures in a CD. 3. The Aquarium During the second snorkeling tour, located on the south of Bora Bora, you will swim in the middle of a natural pool of turquoise and c lear water and be surrounded by hundreds of tropical fish. It is the famous aquarium of Bora Bora. 4. Reef and Motu During the tour, you will stop in a beautiful bay surrounded with hundreds of coconut trees and discover the untouched nature of the motus. Your guide will take you for a short walk through an endemic thick forest. From there you will reach an unspoiled beach covered with white sand and corals facing the ocean and the island of Taha’a. The experience will finish with a short walk on the unique reef of Bora Bora. Transition: There are other ways to look at tropical fish such as looking at them by a submarine. II. Bora Bora Submarine A. Dive and cruise in total immersion along the outer side of the Bora Bora barrier reef. Down at 100 feet, you get to discover the reef and its nearly 700 species of tropical fish. Transition: My last activity is shrk and ray feeding. III. Shark and Ray Feeding A. Experience the thrill of watching the reef sharks and rays being fed by hand. Board a motorized outrigger canoe, and depart for a memorable experience in the blue lagoon of Bora Bora. Encounter Black Tip Reef Sharks and discover the wonders of the underwater world of the Lagoon of Bora Bora by snorkeling near the barrier reef. You will encounter the famous Black Tip Reef Sharks of Bora Bora. Your guide will jump in the water to attract and feed the reef sharks with his bare hands. You may watch this show either underwater or from the boat. Watch this fascinating and unique experience through your snorkel mask. Transition: Now I will summarize the three activites you can do in Bora Bora. Conclusion I. First is the Reef Discovery, second its Bora Bora submarine, and lastly its the shark and ray feeding. Year-long pleasant weather and stunning scenic beauty make Bora Bora the ideal destination for families and couples. If you are lookin for an electrifying beach experience. Bora Bora is your answer.

261 Ellison and Invisible Man Professor Ramos Blog

261 Ellison and Invisible Man Quick Write Ralph Ellison (1914 1994) Invisible Man (1952) Jazz: A Metaphor for America Crash Course Thug Notes

Change On Food Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Change On Food Production Environmental Sciences Essay Agriculture is highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Moderate warming and appropriate carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may help plants to grow faster. But more severe climate change such as global warming, floods, drought, and hail may reduce yields. According the survey, from 1981 to 1990, the average global temperature has increased 0.48  °C than 100 years ago. If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue, with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4  °C to 5.8  °C between 1990 and 2100. (Richardson et al. 2011) Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Higher CO2 levels can increase yields. The yields for some crops, like wheat and soybeans, could increase by 30% or more under a doubling of CO2 concentrations. The yields for other crops, such as corn, exhibit a m uch smaller response (less than 10% increase). However, some factors may counteract these potential increases in yield. For example, if temperature exceeds a crop’s optimal level or if sufficient water and nutrients are not available, yield increases may be reduced or reversed. Crops grown in the United States are critical for the food supply here and around the world. U.S. exports supply more than 30% of all wheat, corn, and rice on the global market. Changes in temperature, amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather could have significant impacts on crop yields. Warmer temperatures may make many crops grow more quickly, but warmer temperatures could also reduce yields. Crops tend to grow faster in warmer conditions. However, for some crops (such as grains), faster growth reduces the amount of time that seeds have to grow and mature. This can reduce yields (i.e., the amount of crop produced from a given amount of land). (EPA 2012) All the problem need to have fast and effective ways to be solve well. In the text will talk other country use what solution to decrease the damage and to protect the crop. Global warming has a serious impact on agricultural production, according to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) research report pointed out the vulnerability of agriculture to climate warming performance of consumption in the world’s largest of several major varieties of grain, wheat, cereal, corn and rice are particularly sensitive to high temperature, decreased production will cause food shortages. (CGIAR 2012) World Agro forestry Centre chief ecologist Dr. Lewis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Will Carter report pointed out that the impact of climate change on agriculture in developing countries, for example, China’s agricultural production, the main crops are rice, wheat and corn, warming irrigated and rain-fed spring wheat production decreased by 17.7% and 31.4%, respectively, th e average corn production will cut 3% -7%; (Chiras 2012) warming will accelerate microbial decomposition of soil organic matter, resulting in the decline of soil fertility, implementation of the pesticide will increase and extend the crop growing season, so that not only increase agricultural costs, and affect the safety of the food. (Cline 2007)

Obesity, Diet and Physical Activity Data in England Shows Worsening St Essay - 1

Obesity, Diet and Physical Activity Data in England Shows Worsening State of Health of General Population - Essay Example The same overall trend emerges as the data is further processed and assessed for levels of occurrence of obesity as primary diagnoses for the same population of inpatients in hospitals in England over the decade-long observation period ending in 2013, with levels of occurrence being the highest for the age group from 35 to 54 years, and tapering off from either end of that peak age group (Datawrapper 2015; data.gov.uk 2015): There is another way to view the numbers presented above, that looks at the cost implications of the obesity numbers. Those costs relate to the medical interventions that are undertaken to treat obesity, and this, in turn, can be gauged by a proxy measure of the number of obesity medications that were given to obese inpatients in England for the observation period. Consistent with the overall trend for the occurrence of obesity throughout this observation period, with peaks around 2009-2011 and dips from 2012 to 2013, the numbers for medicine prescriptions to deal with obesity also follow the same peaks and dips (data.gov.uk 2015): Translating those prescription numbers into costs, we see that there has been a substantial overall escalation in obesity medicine costs through time, even with costs at the tail-end of the observation period going down (data.gov.uk 2015): Looking at the data from the perspective of the last plot, we see that obesity translates to very real and large healthcare financial costs. Moreover, extrapolating the figures and adding in the potential incremental costs of medication from the consequences of obesity, such as diabetes, it is natural to expect that the absolute financial costs must be a very large burden on patients and the healthcare system must shoulder. Moving forward, therefore, the overall trend towards worsening health has dire implications for the cost of managing obesity and overall healthcare in England (data.gov.uk 2015).

Assignment AdvanceTopicManagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment AdvanceTopicManagement - Essay Example According, employees interest such as legal right has been compromised to customer and employers interest. Based on three journals regarding CSR, it carries out investigation on this common CSR misbehaviour problems by Chinese manufacturers, analyzes reason, current development and solution for this matter. Fiedman & Lee (2013) introduce that agency theory is a concept that explains why behavior or decisions by member of group, it provides a platform to explain relationship between agency and shareholders. It suggests that management of firms is undertaken on behalf of shareholder can improve the operation efficiency and increase profitability. In another hand, they explain that agency theory can be used to explain the failure CSR. The first article is about the Harmonious Society and its relations on Chinese CSR by Kok 2009. The second article is about Remaking the World of Chinese Labour and it deals with the key problems in the Chinese manufacturing industry by (Friedman and Lee 2013). The third article is Agency theory and it reviews the business problems in China. This article is a Strategic CSR or stakeholder theory emphasizes the balance among varieties of stakeholders, emphasizes the balance between social impact and economic impact during CSR implementation (Kok,2009). The article is a Comparative literature reviews on CSR development, exploration, to explore that how Harmonious Society will contribute to increasing CSR engagement. However, as employee, customer and employer etc are located in different positions. It is accompanying with power and interest conflicts, which is hard to be balanced (Martin Samy, 2010). The paper concluded that Hu Jintaos harmonious society is unlikely to promote CSR in China. Despite the harmonious society created by Chine President, the country still continues to violate labor laws which are leading to poor working conditions. This is with regard to the large number of manufacturing

BCOM 275 Article Rebuttal Essay Example for Free

BCOM 275 Article Rebuttal Essay Smoking bans, specifically in public places, has been a topic of debate for several years now. This debate has been originated primarily from medical or health-related origins. Many have felt strongly against the ban of smoking in public places. Although, almost an equal amount of people support the smoking ban. This paper will acknowledge the pros to proceeding with the smoking ban to rebuttal the argument presented in the article titled, â€Å"The case against smoking bans† by Thomas A. Lambert and analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used to support his argument. According to Lambert (2012), â€Å"Government-imposed smoking bans are unwise†. â€Å"Risk based argument are insufficient because the slight risks associated with ETS cannot justify the substantial privacy intrusion occasioned by sweeping smoking bans† (p 34). The author’s support against the smoking ban is based on the fact that the statements regarding the need for the ban due to the increase of health care costs for the smoker and those effected by the second-hand smoke. Lambert supports his argument based on the findings of a comprehensive study in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1997. The study states, â€Å"†¦smoking probably has the effect of reducing overall healthcare costs because smokers die earlier than nonsmokers. The study’s authors concluded that in a population in which no one smoked, health care costs would be 7 percent higher among men and 4 percent higher among women than the costs in the current mixed population of smokers and nonsmokers† (Government-imposed smoking bans are unwise, 2012, p 36). Although, this data is credible based on its source, this information cannot wholly be deemed valid based on no stated facts to compare healthcare costs of the nonsmokers. â€Å"Logical fallacie s are errors in reasoning† (Cheesebro, T.,  O’Connor, L., Rios, F., 2010). There are four types of common logical fallacies, which are: faulty causation, hasty generalization, either/or thinking, slippery slope and faulty comparison. The justification based on the other data is an example of a hasty generalization and faulty comparison. A hasty generalization occurs when â€Å"†¦a few examples are selected to represent the whole of the conclusion† (Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., Rios, F., 2010). By committing to these generalizations, your conclusions may be incorrect because you are only acknowledging the data that will solely support your argument. The author’s argument is also a faulty comparison because he treats the unique situations the same. He strongly believes that there is no significant difference in the costs of health care in comparison to those who do not smoke. But the author fails to mention the health effects of second hand smoke and why it should be banned in public places In contrast, smoking bans in public places should be implemented because there are many studies that reveal that there is a real problem regarding exposure to second hand smoke. According to the CDC (2012), â€Å"Since 1964, 2.5 million nonsmokers have died from exposure to secondhand smoke†. That statement alone, which is evidence based, is a valid argument why smoking in public places should be banned. Non-smokers should not have to be victims caused by careless smokers who are more interested in feeding their addiction and pleasures. It is intrusion of someone’s privacy if they do not want to be exposed to secondhand smoke. Public places refers to as restaurants, parks, multiunit housing and casinos etc. For children, secondhand smoke exposure can contribute to respiratory and ear infections and higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome. For adults, it can cause lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. With that being said, if we choose not to smoke due to the health effects and increased risk of death, why should we forced to go down with the smokers? We have a choice and it should be respected. If these health conditions can be caused by secondhand smoke alone, consider what effects smoking has on a smoker’s body. As mentioned earlier, those who do smoke die earlier. So how can the statement regarding no difference in health care costs between a smoker and non-smoker be valid? In conclusion, due to the evidence-based bad health effects of secondhand smoke, smoking in public places should be banned. There is no justification for someone who chooses to live a healthy lifestyle in order to live longer,  to have a smoker determine how long they should live or what quality of life they should have. References Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lambert, T. A. (2007). The case against smoking bans. Regulation, 29(4), 34-40. Retrieved on March 7, 2014 from, http://search.proquest.com/docview/210517192?accountid=458 Smoking and Tobacco. (2012). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on March 6, 2014 from, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/healt h_effects/index.htm

The Controversy of Deforestation Essay -- Deforestation Essays

The affect of environmental issues occur everyday and in particular deforestation is becoming a highly ranked subject. From animals to the human race, the alacrity of trees that are cut down affects every individual in a variety of ways. Not only do people need to help the planet but they need to help themselves and further generations to come, such as children and grandchildren because these natural resources that are being taken away from society are as well shaping the future. For comprehensible reasons, forests use to make up the world, until man made creatures started to destroy and destruct the most important supply to human kind which are trees. Trees are crucial to every living entity for the reason of providing oxygen to all. The world’s current problem which is deforestation can be solved by giving more knowledge about the cause, creating a luxury tax on meat products, and pin-pointing the major places that are being affected. Deforestation is a disturbance taking place causing the loss of environmental species or animals, natural herbs, and basic nourishment's. This cogent problem of deforestation has become a major problem because now more trees are being cut down and aren’t being replanted, leaving animals without a home to go back to. The animals that are being consumed are being reproduced and need more land area to graze around on, so more space is used while not considering the loss of other species. Environmental animals in the forests are becoming extinct and if they disappear from the earth than people will never know the usefulness or capability of each creature. For example, animals are useful in ways of protecting the family or even for hard labor work such as plowing and human companionship. Nat... ...ent Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural NorhtDisasters, Ecosystems, Green Living - National Geographic. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. Northhttp://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation-Northoverview.html. â€Å"Deforestation.† University of Michigan. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. Northhttp://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/deforestation.htm. "TreeHelp.com: Trees: Insects." Treehelp.com - Tree Care Made Easy. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. northhttp://www.treehelp.com/trees/trees-insects.asp. Brown, Katrina and David W. Pearce. â€Å"The Causes of Tropical Deforestation†. Vancouver: UCB Press, 1994. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Effect-of-Deforestation&id=510236. 10 September 2010 Stock , Jocelyn. â€Å"The Choice: Doomsday or Arbor Day.† Deforestation. N.d. http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/deforestation.htm . 10 September 2010.

Response to Country Lovers Essay

The first thing that captured my interest about the story â€Å"Country Lovers†, by Nadine Gordimer was the first line. â€Å"Right from the opening sentence it is clear that this will be a story about inter–racial relationships. † ( Claxton, 2010). This sentence caught my attention because it gave me mixed emotions, first of hoping that this forbidden love would have a happy ending, and also a sense of foreboding that this would not be the case due to the inter-racial theme and the setting of the story. The analytical approach that I choose to evaluate this story would be a reader- response approach. â€Å"Reader-response criticism encompasses various approaches to literature that explore and seek to explain the diversity (and often divergence) of readers’ responses to literary works. † (Bedford, 1998). The reader- response approach is best described as connecting with a piece of work, and finding a personal or creative way to engage with the story. It will most likely come from a personal connection to a character or theme and the emotions that they elicit. In reader-response critical approach, the primary focus falls on the reader and the process of reading rather than on the author or the text. Theoretical Assumptions: Literature is a performative art and each reading is a performance, analogous to playing/singing a musical work, enacting a drama, etc. Literature exists only when it is read; meaning is an event (versus the New Critical concept of the â€Å"affective fallacy†). The literary text possesses no fixed and final meaning or value; there is no one â€Å"correct† meaning. Literary meaning and value are â€Å"transactional,† â€Å"dialogic,† created by the interaction of the reader and the text. According to Louise Rosenblatt, a poem is â€Å"what the reader lives through under the guidance of the text. † Varying Emphases: How readers interpret texts: Sometimes called â€Å"subjective. † May deal with published â€Å"readings† of texts and/or study nonprofessional readings (e. g. , students). These critics explain similarities in readings in varying ways: â€Å"styles† or â€Å"identity themes† of readers are similar (Norman Holland–psychoanalytic approach): cf. George Dillon’s classification of students’ responses to Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†: â€Å"Character-Action-Moral Style† (â€Å"connected knowers†)–treat literature as coextensive with experience â€Å"Diggers for Secrets†Ã¢â‚¬â€œfind hidden meanings in literature, psychoanalyze motives of characters, etc. â€Å"Anthropologists†Ã¢â‚¬â€œlook for cultural patterns, norms, values [e. g. feminists, New Historicists]. Readers belong to same â€Å"interpretive communities† (Stanley Fish) with shared reading strategies, values and interpretive assumptions (i. e. shared â€Å"discourse†); concept of the â€Å"informed reader. † readers are situated in a common cultural/historical setting and shaped by dominant discourses and ideologies (New Historicist emphasis). â€Å"Reception theory/aesthetics† studies the changing responses of the general reading public over time. How texts govern reader: Focus on how texts guide, constrain, control reading; often use linguistic, stylistic, narratological methods of analysis. Wolfgang Iser argues that the text in part controls the reader’s responses but contains â€Å"gaps† that the reader creatively fills. There is a tension between â€Å"the implied reader,† who is established by the â€Å"response-inviting structures† of the text; this type of reader is assumed and created by the work itself â€Å"the actual reader,† who brings his/her own experiences and preoccupations to the text. † (McManus, 1998). For this particular piece of work, I find the reader- response approach to be the most appropriate. I do not feel that there are many people that could not connect to this story on some level. The setting and the inter-racial love story excluded, there are still the aspects of first loves, and first sexual experiences that most people can identify with. Further into the story you have the aspects of horror at the thought of an innocent baby being murdered, much less at the hands of the babe’s own father. I personally felt outrage at the lack of justice for this lost soul and the knowledge that it is all too common a reality. It would seem that my sense of foreboding at the start of this story was well justified.

Existence of Extraterrestrial Beings

With all our knowledge of everything around us, overwhelming as it may be, there are still a lot of aspects that are unknown to even the smartest scientists. Did you know that humans know only 5% of the entire universe? Yes, everything we know about the Earth, the Milky Way, and all the planets is barely even a fourth of what comprises the entirety of the universe. Knowing that, it would be illogical to say that the creatures on Earth are the only forms of life in the universe. Today I will tell you about unidentified object sightings, close encounters and even abductions. The first recorded UFO sighting was in Mexico, by an astronomer named Jose Bonilla in 1883 while he was observing sunspot activity. He was said to have seen more than 300 unusual flying objects crossing before the sun. The next one was three years after in Venezuela during a thunderstorm. People reported seeing a bright flying object accompanied by a humming noise hovering over a small hut. The people in that hut got illnesses from radiation exposure and nine days later, the trees surrounding the hut withered and died due to the same reason. Another alarming incident was in the United States of America where a UFO allegedly crashed in Texas and its alien pilot buried at the local cemetery incidentally, I read of the same encounter from a different source and it added this: That night, local officials called a reverend whose name I regret to forget, to go to the crash sight immediately to pray for the victims. When he got there, he was shocked to see non-human creatures. Not more than a few minutes later, military men came in a helicopter and told the reverend to leave and not say a word to anyone; it was an order. These incidents were way back in the 1800’s when our technology was not as enhanced and people were more naive. More recent sightings have been reported in very different areas of the world – Sweden, US, Brazil, Alaska, Argentina, Iran, Spain, China and even the Philippines! Any discussion on this conspiracy, however, will not be complete without talking what went and goes on in Roswell, New Mexico, or better known as Area 51. Area 51 is known to be a US Military Base where 75 miles away, there reported to be a UFO crash landing on July 2, 1947 that left an exceptional amount of debris all over the area. The Roswell Army Air Field reported that they recovered a â€Å"flying disc† but a few hours after this information was released, the government immediately said it was a â€Å"weather balloon. RAAF even reported having recovered alien bodies but as expected, the government denied again and simply stated that it was the military men’s trauma from accidents. Countless witnesses during and after the reported crash date have confirmed seeing flying objects, crop circles and usual activity within the area. Area 51 is now conspired to be a place where they examine evidences of alien bodies, UFO crashes, etc, but the government refuses to confirm and have denied these allegations. More than sightings, as promised, let me take you in on one of the craziest abduction stories. There have been over 60,000 reported abductions worldwide. In most cases, the victims are returned but don’t remember a thing. And in some, the victims are lost forever. The story I’m about to tell you is one of the most bizarre ones ever recorded. So bizarre that it took more than ten years to be able to have a complete review of the situation resulting to the victim and her family’s sanity and the obvious answer that it really did happen. On January 25, 1967, at around 6:30pm Betty Andreasson Luca was in her home with her family. They reported there to be a red light all over the house. When her husband went out to check where it came from, he saw 5 unusual creatures hoping towards the kitchen door where Betty was. She had a family of seven children all of which, including her husband and parents were put in some kind of trance during the whole thing, although they were conscious of everything. Betty was taken to the 20feet in diameter ship, which hovered over their front yard and it flew away to an even bigger mother ship just a few feet above. Betty was gone for four hours. When she has returned, she was perfectly normal and noticed that one of the aliens got left behind with her family, though they were fine as well. Impossible as it may seem, all of this actually happened and was proven correct when each member was questioned, undergone different psychiatric tests, polygraph examinations, and for Betty, fourteen sessions of regressive hypnosis. The result was a 528-page review which scientists still study until today. Betty’s case remains to be the most extraordinary proven case ever recorded. Usually, people who were abducted tend to feel the same things afterwards: lost or missing time for a couple of hours, frequent nose bleeds, unusual marks on the body, nightmares of the abduction, and symptoms of radiation exposure. Beforehand though, collected recorded abductions have the following similarities: it begins with a visual perception of a bright light, the victim feels paralyzed and cant say or do anything; communication is telepathic too! During the abduction, victims can barely describe any of the tools used due to their unfamiliarity to the objects and loss of memory, they know of undergoing a physical examination, and then nothing after that. However, most reported abductions are studied and examined and doctors seem to find a common ball-shaped or triangular shaped objects at the top of the nose, feet, hand, forehead or eyelid. These tiny items cannot be studied further because it is composed of chemicals not found on earth. With all this at hand, it would be very difficult to believe that we are the only form of life. I could go on and on about more stories and other things I know and have gathered from watching countless documentaries and reading articles on the subject but time and the fact that you all probably think I’m crazy constrains me. This is what I can tell you now though: these creatures could very well be amongst us without our knowledge. They are clearly more advanced than we are for they have found ways of coming to our planet and finding us when they most likely live light-years away.

buy custom The Framers Intent essay

buy custom The Framers Intent essay The bill of rights that entails policies in the American constitution comprises of laws that will affect the generation to come in United States. The bill of rights passed in 1789 aimed at imposing fairness and equality among publics. The laws will in the long run create a logical religious balance initiative that empowers the society and encourage tolerance among citizens in various religious groups and over protection on individual rights. The laws govern information dissemination eventually through emerging communication social networks that become significant as the world becomes a global village. Information technology has created a compressive mechanism which will enable authorities and social network developers monitor negative use or abuse of information and take essential action. The court through the legal parliamentary amendment committee can envisage frameworks that will ensure the social networks rights and users are protected e.g. information download and usage. The bil l also creates a balance to ratify the future generations to avoid irresponsive use of social resources in a mindless consumerism of humanity. The laws stated in the constitution enabled the American Supreme Court to instigate jurisdiction and monitor the general welfare of all citizens and create institutions that attract public confidence. The institutions will be highly sensitive to protect the rights of individuals in a sensible and fiscal disciplined environment with honest persons who command authority and decency through abiding to the rule of law. 1.0. Introduction In the 21st century, the citizens require laws which will create a pathway for equality and freedom on day-to-day bases of life. The dignity brought about by the bill of rights has highly influenced privacies subjected on leniency and well being of the society with clarity of legal provisions that protects humanity. The United States bill of rights captures the human freedom of speech, privacy and criminal justice in the constitution. The people today understand their rights far much more than in the past years. 2.0. Freedom of speech The Human concept to living a coherent life and being a legal abiding citizen has envisaged the creation of laws that make a person legible to a free society. Since the history on the American and French revolutions in the 18th century where people fought for democracy and equality, the concept of freedom has gradually emerged. It is vital to note that freedom of speech to all citizens is an inalienable right. It allows free communication of ideas and individualistic opinions and all persons are entitled to write, speak and publish freely. However, the individual will be liable to punishment in case of abuse of information and freedom accordingly and shall at all times be defined by law. Every person is free to disseminate information and seek ideas and impart willingly. Today international standards are set by various nations to allow all people regardless of origin to share equitably on egal rights and communicate. There is no clear original intent on the provision of freedom of speech, but there are collective amendments of the US constitution that were introduced by the fourth president of the US, James Madison in 1789 and he made amendment in 1795 on the ramification process. The intent of the bill of rights was protecting the natural rights of liberty including property as well as freedom of religion and speech. The freedom of speech should be the ability of a human being to speak freely without fear and censorship and whereby he expresses his own feelings in acting on, seeking, receiving or imparting information. The individual also has a choice to use any medium to pass information to the target audience. However, the bill of rights has its consequences to legally punish those who break the law by involving radiantly on hate speech. Freedom of speech recognizes human rights as the right to hold opinions without interferences and courage under human rights law in America. An individual on freedom of speech however, has the conflicts with the values or rights. 3.0. Freedom of worship Freedom of worship is a principle that aims at supporting individuals and communities to manifest on religion and beliefs as well as teaching their professed beliefs and worship. The choice to make religious decisions is based on individual understanding. (E.g. not to follow any religion).The bill gives individuals authority to decide on continuation of or discontinue with membership in a chosen religious group. The policy creates a significant part of religious freedom. Today in the society, religious views and freedom can be felt as fundamental human rights persistently on the Universal declaration of human rights. According to Jefferson, people have the right to worship the creator, whereby he stated that among the inestimable of our blessings, there is also the liberty to worship our creator in the way we think is most agreeable to his will (Jefferson, 1898). Freedom of worship has some practicalities on religious activities by individuals as it tolerates diversity of theological believes and systems which create a base of freedom for people to act. The freedom of worship has crossed boundaries while many nations globally share different tales on religious growth and people empowerment in the spiritual instinct. However, the nations differ on legal practices such as repressive social legislations and political disenfranchisement. 4.0. Right to Privacy According to Eugene Huckock, the general law of the land hears before it condemns. It also proceeds upon inquiry and it always renders judgment only after trial (Huckock, 1991). This involves boundaries and directives on what should be considered private among individuals, cultures and publics relevant to shared common themes. There are also anonymities related to privacy such as individuals wishing to remain unnoticed in various public realms which is their rights. Privacy is being self inherent with special personalities sensitive for publicity. Privacy of information discloses the appropriate use and protection of information. In the world today, advancement brought about by information technology has made it easier for administration or effectively and efficiently information management. However, government has a right to invade privacy through critical investigation e.g. taxation laws insist that persons must share information on personal income and earnings. The individual privacy may be voluntarily based on individual perceived benefits on disclosure. However, there are specific dangers and losses and this has to be strategically entailed. This means privacy can be voluntary sacrifice; at a typecast position information must be protected to avoid identity and information theft. Language can also be a hindrance at times on privacy issues where an individual may require a third party for interpretation purposes. 5.0. Criminal rights Too many criminal systems can be intimidating and the offenders have got rights as other human beings. On criminal cases, the bill requires indictment by the grand jury composed of members of the state or judicial. The bill of rights aims at guaranteeing speedy public trials through an impartial jury composed of members of the state or judicial districts in which the crime occurred. The provision also prohibits double jeopardy. According to Salvatore Zappala, a criminal is entitled to have legal assistance as justice requires this even if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it (Zappala, 2003). He also states that when one is arrested, he or she shall be informed at the time of arrest the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him. The defendant has the right to information on the charges accused and it is the duty of the government to provide legal entities that are fair to all human beings. The rights of criminal defendants and all individuals have got constitutional rights. 6.0. The court The American Supreme Court has the integrity to safeguard the integrity and constitutional rights of all its citizens. The court on political matters overturns the spending limits on information and quality of political speech. The court assures people involved in certain matters are mature and not minors so as to create a relay for effectiveness on provisions. Conclusion The states congress should make laws in clarity of people needs whereby the majority always rules. It should not establish or enact laws on religion that prohibits the free exercise thereof; or bridging freedom of citizens. Individual members must also be knowledgeable on their rights and the legal principle that have to be undertaken in order to address their issues and rights. It is also necessary to understand freedom of the press and the lobbying or petition of the government on redressing grievances. Buy custom The Framers Intent essay

Personal Statement for entry to faculty of law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For entry to faculty of law - Personal Statement Example I got involved in activities that dealt with the rights of children. The activities made me realize that children need to be protected from the dangers they face in life. Therefore, I intend to get empowered by pursuing a law degree, and becoming their advocate. I appreciate the immense leadership skills I have acquired over time. Leading my high school basketball team for a year helped me gain extensive skills as I got to know how to integrate different personalities to accomplish given goals. Being a student leader in college also strengthened my leadership skills. I represented my school in assemblies, and this promoted my confidence. The communal activities also strengthened my leadership skills as I served as a program leader in various activities. This accelerated my advocacy skills, and encouraged me to pursue an education that would allow me serve the community in a better capacity. I am committed to academic excellence as proven by my performance in secondary school, where I was the top student for two consecutive years. More to this, I believe in education as the most powerful tool of change. I concur with Rury (2013) that education improves the state of life, and provide one with opportunities to better their life. Consequently, I want to pursue Law, given the additional knowledge I shall acquire, leading to greater empowerment. My policy in life relates to ensuring that I balance all areas of my life. Therefore, apart from doing excellently in class, and participating in making my community a better place, I always set time to exercise. I pioneered the development of a community basketball team late last year, and I have successfully led the team to date. The team allows youths in the community to participate in a sport that uses their energy productively. Consequently, the youths get less time to engage in non-productive activities, such as drugs and crime. I also take the opportunity to

Health determinants Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health determinants - Assignment Example The patient encountered hardships as a result of his lack of income. He was unable to provide for his daily needs, which was accelerated by rising cost of living. He was not able to acquire basic education due to his lack of finances and therefore could not cope with the demands of the current job market. Such people are discriminated against in his society and would not be considered for leadership positions. Consequently, this socio-economic instability also affected the patient’s ability to establish and support his own family. Moreno and Warah (2007) state that a significant proportion of the world’s population lack access to a proper living environment. The physical environment in which the patient lived exposed him to health hazards and stress, leaving him without adequate shelter and clothing. This is a significant determinant of health as the patient was not protected from hostile environmental conditions such as rain and mosquito bites, among other harmful issues. Moreover, personal hygiene cannot be maintained without proper shelter and access to safe food and water. Individual risk factors also determine the overall health status of a person. For example, the patient turned to substance abuse as a mechanism of coping with his stress. Maurer and Smith (2013) argue that emotionally stressed people accelerate their demise through a lack of understanding their predicament and by engaging in negative behavior. Stressed individuals tend to seek self-gratification through undignified behavior especially when they lack money and resources. They tend to abuse illicit drugs that are easily obtained through the black market. The patient had a long history of abusing substances such as cannabis sativa and resin. Although these substances made the condition worse, the patient used them as stimulants. Jacobsen (2014) postulates that a minor change in a social system might influence the entire system; therefore, it should not be ignored. It is important for

Art Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Analysis - Essay Example His interest was focused on capturing the body movements so that he considered himself and preferred to be known more of a realist than an impressionist. Seurat on the other hand experimented on a new form of painting which was called pointillism because he used dots of colors to create a visual effect where primary colors placed near each other form the desired secondary colors. This experiment was inspired by his interest on color theories and the study of primary and secondary colors so that his style hugely contrasted the common manner of mixing colors on a palette. With the different styles of the two artists, obviously, their works have all been different although their thoughts placed into canvass both reflect features of impressionism. In Seurat’s A Sunday Afternoon, he tried to capture a photographic image of his subjects where the movements of the people are meticulously considered, interpreting even their facial expressions. As mentioned earlier, he used the concept of optical illusion where the viewers’ eyes seem to ‘mix’ the colors to form his desired color combinations with the use of dots of primary colors. Therefore, there are no traces of brush strokes in his work. Lines and curves have all been dependent on his skill and patience in making the painting. Looking more intently at the painting, one could just imagine the time spent in creating it, the care and painstaking effort exerted on the work. Seurat used the bright colors yellow and red as well as the cool colors green and blue, creating a lively sce ne at the island. He also used other colors for other objects and subjects in the painting, making use of a wide variety of colors. In contrast to Seurat, Degas formed his Ballet Rehearsal at the Set through brush strokes specially using thin lines to express the forms of his subjects. He used a mixture of long and short thin lines to define his thoughts placed into canvass, making every part of the painting detailed. One that could be

Atomic force microscopy Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Atomic force microscopy - Lab Report Example The material to be scanned is placed below the tip, as the tip moves across the surface it is attracted or repelled by different forces, the atomic deflection from rest is recorded and an imaging software is used to process the results. The results normally appears as a topographical image of the surface imaged2. Different imaging techniques are used to picture the surface or for different surface analysis, they include the contact mode, non-contact mode and tapping mode. With assistance from specialized software, Atomic Force Microscope can be used to measure characteristics of material surface that other types of microscope cannot image. This method is whereby the tip gets into contact with the surface being scanned, it is the most common mode used in atomic force scanning. The tip have a repulsive force coefficient of 9N. As the tip moves over the surface, the deflection of the cantilever generated is fed to a DC amplifier system, which verifies it and tries to much it with the desired. If the magnitude of deflections is different from the required one, the feedback amplifier system increases the voltage supply to the piezoelectric positioning system to raise or lower the material surface relative to the tip until the desired voltage is achieved3. The measure of voltage supplied to the piezoelectric positioning system gives the degree of roughness and surface features of the material. This is displayed laterally to the position of the sample. The main problem with the contact mode is the application disproportionate force to the sample by the probe leading destruction of the sample surface; this can be minimized by reducing the amount of force applied by the probe. However, there are limits to the minimum force that the operator can apply during scanning in ambient conditions. Ambient conditions possess some challenges to AFS since a thin layer of about 30 monolayers made up of

Best Value Procurement Bids in Council Services

Best Value Procurement Bids in Council Services Empirical Work This paper is an empirical study on the strategic significance that Best Value (BV) Procurement adds to Birmingham City Council. The aim of the proposed research is to quantify the strategic link between the BV and the contemporary strategic Procurement. Then to create a model which will evaluate the contribution of the strategy when applied to Birmingham City Council. Best Value was introduced into the public sector in 1998, announced through the government’s white paper â€Å"Modern Local Government in Touch with the People†. This paper introduced extensive reform of local government, including the new initiative of BV. Within this BV is the e-Government, Community Planning, Strategic Partnerships and new political management structures (White Paper 1998). The theory of Best Value was aimed at improving local government services; this was introduced in the Local Government Act 1999. BV replaced the old system of Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT), and required local authorities to review over a period of five years, the method in which they conduct all their functions. This would take the form of consultation with the local community to deliver the most effective, economic and efficient services (Local Government Act 1999). The Governments intention to reform local government continued and in 2001 they published a further white paper entitled â€Å"Strong Local Leadership, Quality Public Services†. Addressed within this paper were issues that included strong community leadership, continuous improvement, comprehensive performance assessment, financial freedom and modernisation of finance systems (White Paper 2001). The report in 2001 Delivering Better Services for Citizens, a review of local government procurement in England was published as a consultation paper. The report included the following recommendation; there should be clear political responsibility for procurement, with elected members taking a strategic role in securing outcomes. Best Value is about breaking down the boundaries between the public and private sectors in local service delivery. (The Byatt Report 2001) This research paper is based on the government white papers and reports which initially defined BV in procurement and established Strategic Management tools used to identify strategic choice within local authorities. The conceptual analysis is based on identifying the congruence of strategic links between the BV definition and chosen Strategic Management tools. The focus of the paper is Birmingham City Councils BV practices, and this will be measured against the resulting model. The output of this research is to measure the strategic worth of Best Value and the strategic worth of Birmingham City Councils delivery of Best Value. The paper will evaluate the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. Methodology The rationale of this chapter is to compare and discuss the research methods that could be used for this empirical research paper. When researching any paper there are numerous methods for collecting data, they do not always produce workable data that is easy to analysis. Therefore it is vital to review and plan the methods that will be employed. Before beginning any of the research a time scale will be composed, this will plan and set targets for the research. This plan is flexible, to allow for any considerable changes to the project due to unexpected research findings. Theoretically, the proposal should draw attention to any difficulties with the research question and the access to the data. Secondary Research The secondary research will discuss the theories and concepts which exist on the topic and be presented in the literature review. The findings from the primary research are then tested on these theories for validity (Saunders, M. et al 1997). Tertiary data sources will assist in the search for secondary data, this will reveal books, journals, newspaper articles, and Internet addresses on the topic (Bell, J. 2005). This section of the research will present some of the conclusions from the relevant Government’s White Papers as a secondary source of research data. Primary Research Primary research is vital to the project as it produces the raw data on the current situation in the organisations. A consideration when gathering primary research data, is obtaining the consent of both the organisation and individuals prior to initiating the research and this data must remain within the scope of the project (Saunders et al 1997). Primary Research Methods Method Type of Research Characteristics, Benefits and shortcomings Postal survey Quantitative Cost is low Response rate can be poor Answers may be incomplete Responses are pre-coded and simple so people can understand them this can mean the quality of information provided is lower than from other methods Telephone and/or email survey Quantitative Cost effective method of achieving robust sample allowing generalisations to be made Responses are pre-coded Certain groups do not have access to the telephone, so may be excluded from the sample It is difficult to ask sensitive questions over the telephone Works well with employers Face-to-face survey Quantitative includes both open questions as pre-coded Can achieve robust sample allowing generalisations if sufficient numbers are surveyed Expensive and time-consuming to administrator Ideal for gathering sensitive information or exploring complicated issues interview Qualitative In depth and detailed information can be gathered Interviewers are allowed more flexibility Answers to open questions can be difficult and time-consuming to analyse Expensive and time-consuming to administrator Focus group Qualitative A group discussion with around 8-12 people Can lasts up to 3 hours Capitalises on interaction between participants Participants are not representative of wider population which does not allow for generalisation Good method for gathering sensitive data Requires careful and unbiased analysis Case study Qualitative Researcher gains understanding of a individuals experience Provides good quotations and rich data Can bring alive other research, such as survey data Findings cannot be generalised to a wider population Qualitative Research Qualitative research is not just quality, it is the starting point where individuals understand and can talk about their lives. Qualitative studies attempt to explain social phenomena (for example experience, attitudes, behaviour, interactions and belief) in terms of the wider contexts of individual’s lives (Cresswell, J 1994). To gain this type of data methods such as direct, unstructured interviewing, or observation of real-life settings (ethnography) are used. The data that qualitative methods of research collect is usually words, rather than numbers, in the form of transcripts. That data is typically unstructured, and statistical methods cannot be used in its analysis (King, N. 1998). Individuals are surveyed or studied in order to understand their experience from their perspective, that is, what matters to them, rather than from the standpoint of the researcher or the professionals. Observational studies have been undertaken to understand the informal culture, of the organisation (King, N. 1998). Quantitative Research Quantitative research generates numerical data or data that can be converted into numbers, for example clinical trials or the National Census. Numbers are the main type of data that these methods collect, and those numbers will be analysed using mathematical or statistical techniques. Surveys that take the form of questionnaires are usually quantitative (Cresswell, J 1994). Conclusion This paper will combine both quantitative and qualitative approaches, using a qualitative study to guide the design of a subsequent quantitative study and by mixing elements of the one approach into the other. Questionnaires can contain both quantitative and qualitative questions. This paper will use both a quantitative and quantitative approach to the questions. This will be in the form of a ratings scale (1 to 5), whereas the qualitative questions will present a box where people can write in their own words. To obtain the strategic value in BV, a case study approach will be used; this will gauge the working practices and will enhance the data from the questionnaires. The secondary research will focus on the Governments white papers, and will introduce discussion from books and journals written on the subject. References Bell, J (2005) (4th Edition) Doing Your Research Project,  Open University Press, Buckingham Cresswell, J (1994) Research Design (Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches),  Sage publications, London King, N. (1998) Template analysis in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds.) Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research, Sage London Saunders, M. Et al (1997) Research Methods for Business Students,  Pitman Publishing, London. Papers White Paper (1998) Modern Local Government in Touch with the People,  Accessed through, www.communities.gov.uk Local Government Act 1999,  Accessed through, www.communities.gov.uk White Paper (2001) Strong Local Leadership, Quality Public Services,  Accessed through, www.communities.gov.uk The Byatt Report (2001) Delivering Better Services for Citizens,  Accessed through, www.woking.gov.uk

Stereotypical Images of Native Americans Essay -- American America His

Stereotypical Images of Native Americans The encounter of Christopher Columbus with the indigenous people of the Americas and the Caribbean would ultimately set in motion the destruction of Native American life and culture as it had existed for thousands of years. Images and stereotypes of the Native Americans were indelibly etched into the minds of the Europeans and we struggle today to eradicate these harmful portrayals. When Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, he was greeted by the natives of what is currently Haiti and the Dominican Republic, on the island of Hispaniola. These people were the Taino Indians, who belong to the general group Arawak, which primarily describes the common language shared by the native people from the area now known as Venezuela all the way up to modern-day Florida. Columbus was immediately struck by the peaceful, generous nature of the Taino. He wrote, "they are gentle and comely people. They are so naive and free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would never believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone... They willingly traded everything they owned..." The Taino society was very highly organized, with a patriarchal hierarchy and distinguished by happiness and friendliness. There were 5 different kingdoms on the island of Hispaniola and each kingdom was led by a cacique. Polygamy was in practice and the caciques often had as many as 30 wives, although most men had only 2 or 3. The wife of a cacique enjoyed great status and honor, as did her children. The people of the kingdom paid a tax or tribute to their cacique in exchange for overseeing the village. There were other hierar... ...ine: I. Columbus meets the Taino/Arawak Indians A. Peaceful/ generous nature 1. highly organized society 2. little defense capabilities or the necessity for them B. Manner of living 1. dress 2. housing C. Genocide 1. cruel treatment 2. disease 3. disappearance of cultural heritage 4. population estimates II. European Impressions A. Strong, self-determined people 1. King Ferdinand's letter to the Taino B. Savages 1. Religious implications 2. Self-serving rationalization III. Native American Stereotypes A. Film B. Literature C. Children's Books 1. The Indian in the Cupboard 2. demeaning vocabulary, "vanishing Indian" concept IV. Contemporary Impressions A. "red" man - designation created by Linnaeus 1. tribal affiliations disregarded 2. assimilation in "white" society B. Discrimination in current society

Effects of Weather on Mood

Enhanced College Writing Cause and Effect Essay September 27, 2012 Effects of Weather on your Mood Many of us have moods that are changeable like the tides, and like the tides, for many of us those moods are dictated by many things including the weather. While you might think that you ‘just woke up on the wrong side of bed' it may in fact be that there are other things at play here – diet, tiredness, weather and more. In fact you could probably go as far as to say that the side of bed that you got out of is unlikely to really have had much to do with your mood at all.Weather is one particularly large indicator of how your mood is going to turn out for the day. The first and most well-known way in which weather affects mood is in what is known as seasonal affective disorder or SAD. This condition can also be known as winter depression, winter blues or seasonal depression and basically it describes a condition in which the individual finds their mood so tied to the changin g of the seasons that they in fact exhibit symptoms close to depression every winter.There are various explanations as to why someone might experience SAD, but generally it is believed to relate to the amount of light. This then means that it is not in fact the cold of winter that causes the depression, but rather the lack of light getting into your brain. At the same time temperature can also affect mood and this is as a result of energy usage. In the winter our immune systems are going to try harder in order to keep our bodies warm and our heart rate will speed up.All this means that energy is directed toward those tasks and so is not available in as large quantities for other activities. At the same time this is also why you are more likely to become ill your immune system is already under pressure from the cold and thus it becomes less able to stave off the attacks from bacteria and viruses. In order to avoid getting ill then and to avoid the depression that can come from it, ma ke sure to eat lots of vitamins and minerals that can help to boost your immune system and to get plenty of sleep.At the same time make sure to use lots of heating in order to warm the house and to keep illnesses at bay. Sleep is also affected by the weather and this in turn can make us more likely to feel depressed. If it is cold for instance then you are more likely to sleep more lightly and that gives your body and mind less quality time in which to recover from your day's activities. Again you are more likely to suffer illnesses and to have low energy, but this can also result in headaches and bad moods.Furthermore you will be getting up in darkness when your body is telling you to go back to sleep and so hormonally you are unprepared for the day. There are countless different ways in which the weather can affect mood then and this includes direct effects on mood and hormones, as well as more subtle second order impacts. Make sure that you stay warm and dry and that you make up for lower energy in your diet.

Acute Care Assignment Essay

1. Identify and discuss 8 aspects of Mrs. Lee pre-operative nursing care? It is an important role of a nurse to ensure that patients are prepared for surgery not only in a physical way but also in a psychological way so they have informed consent of the procedure being undertaken, have psychosocial support and are educated on the expected and unexpected outcomes. For Mrs. Lee, these 8 aspects of pre-operative nursing care may include: Providing psychological support: Because it is already stated that Mrs. Lee’s family is quite anxious, it may very well be also making her anxious about her surgery. Catering to the psychological support needs of a surgical patient will include being there for the patient and answering any questions relating to their fears and concerns regarding the surgery and the post operative period. The answers to these questions need to be honest and factual. If necessary, it may be arranged for Mrs. Lee’s spiritual adviser to come and speak with her also. Providing pain management information: Following on from the psychosocial support needs, one of the reasons that Mrs. Lee may be anxious could be due to the amount of pain she thinks she will be in post surgery or she may be even scared of developing a drug addiction to analgesics. Educating the patient on the types of analgesics they may be given is important, as is how the medication may be administered. Mrs. Lee could be provided with pain management brochures if they are available. Teaching techniques for preventing respiratory complications: As Mrs. Lee is having surgery and more than likely will be going under general anesthesia it is important to reduce any risk of potential respiratory complications by the use of deep breathing techniques, incentive spirometry and pursed lip breathing to assist and maintain an open clear airway. The patient should practice deep breathing exercises hourly with encouragement from the nurse for the first 2-3 days post surgery. Coughing exercises should also be done frequently to ensure the airways are free of secretions. Promoting activity and exercise: It is important to promote exercise and activity as inactivity may cause thrombi and emboli’s as well as respiratory complications which will lead to a delayed recovery time post op. As a nurse, we need to ensure our patients are well informed on activity and exercise post surgery because we do not want a potential DVT. Mrs. Lee will need to be informed that she may be required and encouraged to be out of bed and walking at 8 to 12 hours post op and that the time out of bed will increase daily, and that she will be given analgesia if she requires it. Preparing the surgical site: The nurse will be required to prepare the surgical site whether that be by shaving the area if the patient is rather hairy, washing the skin with antimicrobial soap, swabbing with antimicrobial solutions and wrapping the area in a sterile drape to protect from bacteria. Povidone-iodine is what is mostly used as an antimicrobial solution. The site for the surgery will be identified and marked with a texta (marker pen) which is usually done by the surgeon and verified by other staff e.g., the nurse and written in the documentation. It is important to identify right patient, right procedure and right site. Carry out the pre-operative routine: The pre-operative routine involves: identifying the patient and procedure with the use of arm and leg bands as well as documentation; fasting for 6+ hours ensures that the GI tract will be empty and non active preventing the risk of aspirating on undigested food; elimination of the bowel will reduce the risk of constipation and distention post surgery; consent signature is extremely important as your patient is signing a legal document agreeing to the surgery and it means that they understand the procedure at full; valuables are to be taken from the patient and placed in a secure place which is generally a locker that is locked or a safe. Often wedding rings that are left on the finger will be taped with hypo allergenic tape however they must be removed if there is a risk of oedema in the hands post surgery; allergies must be identified prior to the surgery, generally this would be done in the pre-admission clinic. Allergies must be written in red and the patient must have a red armband on them identifying what the allergy is if it is related to the surgery, dressings, treatment or medications; personal hygiene care involves  showering/bathing/mouth care including dental work and prosthesis which are removed because they may be a choking risk, cosmetics and nail polish; ted stockings may need to be applied and worn throughout the surgery to reduce the risk of a DVT. As a nurse we cannot put ted stockings on without a doctors order. Administer the pre-operative medication: Medications may be ordered as per the medication chart and need to be given to a patient pre surgery must be ready in time and when it is needed. If the patient is on medications prior to surgery, they must be withheld the morning of the surgery if it is elective surgery. There are some exemptions however that may include routine medications, which may be given with minimal water at least 2 hours before the scheduled surgery. Documentation: Is required before and after the patient is wheeled into theatre and to the recovery area. The documentation must be accurate, timely, correct and signed with your designation as it is a legal document. Observation and medication charts must be filled in and signed. The patient is unable to give the healthcare team any information therefore it is extremely important for the charts to be complete. (24 marks) 2. Identify and discuss the initial postoperative assessment and care required in this postoperative phase.  Mrs. Lee has just returned to the ward from the operating theatre and recovery. As she has just returned to the ward, it is essential to do a full set of observations on her (vital signs, neurovascular and neurological). To get a clear understanding of the normal baseline results for this patient, checking the observations chart would be very helpful with identifying and preventing possible issues and complications relating to Mrs. Lee’s surgery. The initial perioperative assessment includes the level of consciousness (GCS), respiratory rate (depth, sounds, chest movement), blood pressure, pulse rate, temperature, oxygen saturation level, pain assessment, condition and colour of the skin, circulation (peripheral pulses and sensation), condition and location of dressings, condition of suture line, condition of  drain tubes/catheters, muscle strength and response, pup il response (PEARL), level of comfort, level of activity and exercise and any postoperative instructions. If there were any abnormalities from the nursing assessment, interventions would be made. These observations will be taken every 15 minutes for the first hour then every half an hour for 2 hours, following once every 2 hours ultimately resulting in 4 times daily if there are no problems post op. Relating to the nursing care of Mrs. Lee, she has had a hip replacement so for her to achieve her normal level of ADL’s while she is in hospital will not be to the level that she is used to prior to her surgery. Mrs. Lee will be requiring assistance with personal hygiene including showering and toileting (both voiding and elimination). Encouragement for postoperative activity and exercise along with instruction from the physiotherapist may be needed as her surgery has affected the way she ambulates. Mrs. Lee may need to be positioned and turned every 3 to 4 hourly post surgery, as she may not feel up to getting out of bed yet due to her hip replacement. Positioning of Mrs. Lee may be painful for analgesia may be required when it comes to changing her position. Again, everything a nurse would be doing for Mrs. Lee requires documentation, whether that is in the nursing notes or the drug charts. Every nurse intervention needs to be documented signed and designated for legal purpo ses. (16 marks) 3. Identify and discuss the emergency management of this patient. First and foremost in an emergency situation I would go back to what I have learnt in first aid regarding DRSABCD as well as a primary and secondary survey. Since I have found Mrs. Lee unconscious, I would send for help automatically by pressing the emergency button above the bed and then call a MET call. There are no dangers and I have no response from Mrs. Lee as she is unconscious and I have already sent for help by pressing the emergency button and calling a MET Call. Mrs. Lee has a very low respiratory rate and is breathing very shallow so automatically I would put her on oxygen with a free flow mask with 8-15L of oxygen. Next I will assess her capillary refill, skin colour, blood pressure and pulse, which are also both on the low side. Mrs. Lee is unconscious so that brings her GCS from 15 down to  11; she is also febrile and has a high temperature. The secondary survey will look at the head, neck, chest, abdom en back and limbs. There has been no evidence of a fall in hospital and the head and neck don’t appear to be lacerated, fractured or bleeding. There is a small hematoma on the left frontal region of the head due to a fall prior to admission. The chest is normal, breathing is shallow and there are no abnormal breathing sounds. There is oedema in the abdominal cavity, possibly related to the hip replacement surgery. It is tender. All the abdominal organs felt normal with palpation, no abnormalities found. There is bright red blood coming from the redivac drain from the hip joint, which has soaked through x2 combine, and there is blood on the patient’s bluey, which has leaked from the wound site. The limbs appear to be slightly cyanosed possibly relating to the blood loss and capillary refill is slow. Peripheral pulses are weak. As Mrs. Lee has suffered from blood loss, it will be essential for the doctor to order a blood transfusion as well as fluids to bring the patient back to a level of stability. Management of what appears to be Hypovolemic Shock will be to keep the patient warm to lower the risk of hypothermia. Me dications such as dopamine may be given to increase blood pressure and cardiac output. An ECG will be given for cardiac monitoring due to the blood loss. Mrs. Lee will then be sent off for the following tests: FBE (full blood exam), LFT (liver function test), CRP (C-reactive protein test), chest x-ray, ABG (arterial blood gas test). 4. A) Discuss the nursing care of a patient on a blood transfusion with rationales to support your answers. Mrs. Lee had a FBE (full blood exam) and the results have come back indicating that she has a hemoglobin level of 50, which is extremely low so the doctor has ordered a blood transfusion. First and foremost for the blood transfusion to go ahead, we need patient consent, identification and cross matching. Prior to collecting the blood from the blood bank, Mrs. Lee would already need IV access set up as the blood can only be out of the fridge for 30 minutes. Before the transfusion is set up, checks must be made at the bedside in the presence of another nurse. These checks include right patient identification on the patient tag,  blood pack and documentation; blood product identification; and right blood group. It is also necessary to check the blood pack for any leakage, clots or abnormal colour. Before starting the transfusion you will need to do a full set of observations on Mrs. Lee to get a baseline incase there are any adverse reactions. Then you will need to prime the line with normal saline at 0.9% before you start with the blood transfusion. Once this is done and all documentation and checks are in place, you may start the blood transfusion. The nurse will start the transfusion off slowly and they will need to sit with Mrs. Lee for the first 15 minutes as that is when most adverse reactions occur and if everything is running smoothly and her vital signs are within her normal ranges, the nurse will be able to speed up the transfusion which generally will run over 2 to 3 hours. Observations will need to be done every 15 minutes for the first hour. B) Identify 2 complications that can arise from a blood transfusion. Two complications, which can arise from a blood transfusion, may be a febrile reaction (fever) or a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). 5. Discuss the aspects relevant to Mrs. Lee’s discharge and provide rationales to support your response. Aspects that would be relevant to Mrs. Lee’s discharge are a continuity of care not only for Mrs. Lee herself but for her husband also since she is his primary career. To ensure the best care for Mrs. Lee, discharge planning would include Mrs. Lee herself, her family, doctor, nurses, physiotherapist as well as an occupational therapist. In order for Mrs. Lee to be discharged home, I would have an occupational therapist go out to her home and see if there were any necessary changes there would need to be made to ensure Mrs. Lee would have a lower risk of falling and be able to ambulate within her own home with the use of mobility aids. Help in the home could be contacted to come into Mrs. Lee’s home 3 times a week to help with ADL’s while also encouraging Mrs. Lee to be independent. If it were also possible, the daughter could temporarily stay at her parent’s home for a few weeks to assist with shopping, cooking, cleaning and making sure her mother was taking her  medications as well as her father. If her daughter were unavailable to do this, help in the home would be able to look after the cleaning side of things and meals on wheels may be able to be arranged for Mrs. Lee and her husband. The physiotherapist could make home visits in order to help Mrs. Lee with her exercises and to ensure her range of motion is getting stronger so she can ambulate, as she would have post hip replacement surgery. The royal district nursing service could be contacted to change the dressings on Mrs. Lee’s incision post discharge which would be more convenient to her as well as her family as they wouldn’t be having to arrange transport to go to the GP or clinic every few days to get the dressing checked and changed if need be. Prior to discharge from hospital , Mrs. Lee would need to be educated on the exercises she would need to do to regain strength in her hip, which the physiotherapist would explain and show to her. References: Books – Tollefson, J, 2012. Clinical Psychomotor Skills: Assessment tools for nursing students. 5th ed. Australia: Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited. – Kozier and Erbs ‘ Fundamentals of Nursing’. (2012). 2nd edition. Pearson Internet – Hypovolemic Shock: An Overview, Dorothy M. Kelley https://elibrary.utas.edu.au/utas/file/05409184-2b96-23be-1aff-43a5cf934b31/1/15826962.pdf [Accessed 21st April 2014] – Hypovolemic Shock http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000167.htm [Accessed 18th April 2014] – Principles of monitoring postoperative patients http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/critical-care/principles-of-monitoring-postoperative-patients/5059272.article [Accessed 18th April 2014] Journals – Paul Froom, Tayser Mahameed, Rosa Havis, Mira Barak. 2001. Effect of Urgent Clinician Notification of Low Haemoglobin Values. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.clinchem.org/content/47/1/63.full. [Accessed 18 April 14].